When you are staring at a schematic with hundreds of nets, tight timing budgets, and multiple voltage domains, the question of how many layers your PCB really needs becomes uncomfortably real. Go too thin, and you spend months wrestling with crosst...

In high-speed digital and RF design, controlled impedance is not a nice-to-have—it is a hard requirement. A 100 Ω differential pair that drifts to 112 Ω reflects enough signal energy to close the eye diagram on a 10 Gbps link. A 50 Ω RF trace that ...